Knowledge Center
Blog
Technical guides, selection tips and application know-how for valves, pumps, steam systems, expansion joints, instrumentation and piping equipment.
Technical Tables and CalculatorsFlange Dimensions Chart: PN6, PN10, PN16, PN25 and PN40 ComparedConnection dimensions, thicknesses and weights of EN 1092-1 Type 01 plate flanges in PN6 to PN40, DN15 to DN600, on a single page.
Technical Tables and CalculatorsMotor Cable Size Chart: Cross-Section and Length by Motor PowerPermitted cable lengths at 3% voltage drop by motor power, voltage and starting method, with direct-on-line and star-delta charts and a selector tool.
Technical Tables and CalculatorsWater Pipe Friction Loss Chart and CalculatorFriction loss per 100 m by flow rate for DN20–DN250 steel water pipes, the Darcy-Weisbach method and a calculator for different pipe materials.
Technical Tables and CalculatorsCompressed Air Pipe Capacity Table: Pipe Size and Volume CalculationCompressed air flow by velocity for DN15–DN200 pipes, the volume of free air under pressure and pipe size selection from compressor output.
Technical Tables and CalculatorsSteam Pipe Capacity Table by Pipe Size, with CalculatorSaturated steam capacities of DN15–DN150 steel pipes from 0.1 to 100 bar g at 30 m/s, with the formula, velocity guidance and a pipe sizing…
Technical Tables and CalculatorsSuperheated Steam Table: Enthalpy by Pressure and TemperatureEnthalpy of superheated steam from 1 to 25 bar a and 200 to 400 °C, with a calculator for intermediate points and a degree-of-superheat example.
Technical Tables and CalculatorsSaturated Steam Table: Pressure, Temperature and Enthalpy ValuesTemperature, enthalpy and specific volume of saturated steam from 0 to 45 bar g, with a calculator for intermediate pressures and a steam demand…
Technical Tables and CalculatorsPipe Size and Flow Rate Tables: DN Sizes and m³/h CapacitiesFlow rates at 1.5 and 2.5 m/s by DN and bore for steel, plastic and stainless pipes, plus flow and volume tables for compressed air lines.
Technical Tables and CalculatorsGenerator Sizing Chart by Motor Power: Direct-on-Line and Star-DeltaRecommended generator ratings (kW/kVA) for 2.2–265 kW electric motors with direct-on-line and star-delta starting, with an example and a selector…
Technical Tables and CalculatorsBooster Pump Sizing: Capacity by Number of Floors and FlatsFind booster set pressure from the number of floors and flow rate from the number of flats with a calculator and tables, plus a worked sizing example.
Technical Tables and CalculatorsChemical Compatibility Table: Material Suitability for Common ChemicalsA quick reference table showing how stainless steel, plastic and seal materials resist common acids, bases, solvents and fuels, with rules for…
Pipe ClampsPipe Clamp Types: Safety, Quiet Operation and Long Life for PipelinesExplore pipe clamp types from heavy-duty, rubber-lined, U-bolt, sprinkler and trefoil clamps to sliding supports, with selection criteria and…
PipesIndustrial Piping Systems: Material Selection, Sizing and ApplicationsPipelines are the arteries of a plant; the wrong material or an incorrect pipe size leads to energy losses, downtime and safety risks. Learn the…
Steam TrapsSteam Piping Design: Principles for Efficient and Safe Steam LinesKey engineering principles for line sizing, drainage points, separator and steam trap selection, condensate return and insulation in an efficient,…
Pumps and SystemsCentrifugal Pump Operating Point: System Curve, BEP and Hydraulic CalculationAn engineering look at the operating point where pump and system curves intersect, with a friction loss example, BEP, viscosity effects, affinity…
Heat ExchangersProducing Heating Water from Steam with a Plate Heat ExchangerLearn the operating principle, required equipment and correct condensate drainage for producing space heating water from steam with a plate heat…
Heat ExchangersPool Heating Systems with Plate Heat Exchangers: Operating Principle and Correct InstallationLearn the operating principle, correct connection, material selection and automatic temperature control of heating swimming, spa and thermal pool…
Measurement and Control EquipmentIndustrial Level Control Systems: Measuring Principles and Product TypesGet to know the magnetic indicators, capacitive electrodes, transmitters, float-type devices and level switches that measure and control liquid…
Valves and Valve EquipmentWhat Is a Steam Pressure Reducing Station? Design, Components and OperationExplore the design and operation of steam pressure reducing stations that combine a reducing valve with a separator, strainer, safety valve, steam…
Steam TrapsSteam Trap Selection and Maintenance: A Guide to Steam System EfficiencyA practical guide to steam trap selection criteria – pressure, condensate load and application – plus installation, testing and maintenance…
Valves and Valve EquipmentHigh Pressure Valves: Types and API StandardsLearn the types of high pressure valves used on steam, thermal oil and process lines, the API and ASME standards they follow and the key points…
Fire Protection and Mechanical EquipmentFire Sprinkler System Equipment: From Sprinkler Heads to Alarm ValvesLearn the role and selection criteria of sprinklers, alarm valves, control valves, flow switches and connection components in water-based fire…
Expansion JointsTypes of Expansion Joints: Comparison and ApplicationsCompare axial, lateral, angular, rubber and FM approved fire line expansion joints and learn which type suits which application.
Valves and Valve EquipmentProportional Control Valve: Actuator Choice, Kvs and Correct SizingProportional control valves keep flow, pressure and temperature at the desired value by gradually changing the flow area in response to a control…
Boiler Automation SystemsBoiler Water Conductivity: Preventing Foaming and Carryover with Surface BlowdownAs water evaporates, dissolved salts build up in the boiler and conductivity rises. Surface blowdown keeps this in check, preventing foaming and…
Pumps and SystemsChemical Resistance Chart: Preventing Corrosion Through Correct Material SelectionLearn how to read a chemical resistance chart correctly when selecting pump, valve and pipe materials for aggressive chemicals, and the strengths…
Fire Protection and Mechanical EquipmentIndustrial Mechanical Installation: Systems, Equipment and Design PrinciplesThe components and design principles of industrial mechanical installation, covering a plant’s HVAC, plumbing, process piping, compressed air,…
Boiler Automation SystemsWater Tube Boilers: Design, Operating Principle and AdvantagesExplore the design, membrane wall technology, advantages and boiler fittings of water tube boilers used in plants that need high steam capacity…
Steam TrapsSteam Header Design: Sizing, Safety and EfficiencyKey design rules for sizing, materials, condensate drainage, connections and insulation of the steam header that distributes steam from the boiler…
Valves and Valve EquipmentForged Steel Ball Valves: A Reliable Choice for High PressureDiscover the material structure, technical features and applications of forged steel ball valves designed for high-pressure, demanding process lines.
Pumps and SystemsPump Cavitation: Causes, Symptoms and How to Prevent ItWe explain how cavitation forms, how it relates to NPSH, how to recognise it and how to prevent the performance loss, noise and impeller damage it…
Steam TrapsFlash Steam Calculation and Waste Heat Recovery: A Step-by-Step GuideLearn how much flash steam can be recovered from condensate and boiler blowdown, with the formula and a worked example, plus flash vessel design…
Valves and Valve EquipmentActuator Compatible Brass Ball Valve: Reliable Flow Control for AutomationExplore actuator compatible brass ball valves for automatic control of HVAC, water and compressed air lines: key features, actuator selection and…
Valves and Valve Equipment3-Way Brass Ball Valve: L-Port and T-Port Designs, Advantages and ApplicationsLearn how 3-way brass ball valves divert, split or combine flow, the difference between L-port and T-port designs, their advantages and typical…
Valves and Valve EquipmentBrass Natural Gas Ball Valve: A Safe Gas Shut-Off SolutionLearn the features and applications of threaded brass natural gas ball valves that shut off gas at boilers, cookers and appliances, plus key…
Valves and Valve EquipmentThreaded Cast Natural Gas Ball Valves: Selection and Application GuideLearn about threaded cast natural gas ball valves used for safe shut-off in gas lines, the criteria for selecting them and key points for…
Valves and Valve EquipmentThreaded Cast Ball Valves: 3-Piece Design, Features and ApplicationsDiscover the design, technical data and applications of 3-piece threaded cast ball valves, which combine durability with easy maintenance in…
Valves and Valve EquipmentThreaded Ball Valves: Design, Types and ApplicationsLearn how threaded, quarter-turn ball valves work, which body materials are available, what their advantages are and where they are used.
Valves and Valve EquipmentBalanced Piston Steam Valve: Working Principle and AdvantagesDiscover balanced piston steam valves: easy to operate even on large steam lines, with a stainless steel piston and graphite rings for tight shut-off.
Pumps and SystemsPump Accessories and Spare Parts: Types and FunctionsWe summarise the role of seals, couplings, strainers, measuring and anti-vibration components that keep pump systems efficient and running, and…
Pumps and SystemsOil and Diesel Transfer Pumps: Types and Selection CriteriaFrom construction machinery to generators, the right transfer pump saves time and improves safety when refuelling and adding oil. Review pump…
Pumps and SystemsCorrosive Liquid Pumps: Safe Transfer of Aggressive ChemicalsAcids, alkalis and other corrosive chemicals quickly cause corrosion and leaks in standard pumps. Learn about the materials, types and selection…
Pumps and Systems12V 24V Low Voltage Pumps: Safe, Mobile Liquid Transfer12V and 24V DC pumps run on a battery or vehicle power supply and provide safe, portable liquid transfer where mains power is not available. Learn…
Pumps and SystemsSolenoid Vibration Pumps: Working Principle and ApplicationsSolenoid vibration pumps use an electromagnetically driven piston to generate high pressure at low flow. Learn how they work, where they are used…
Pumps and SystemsDiaphragm Pumps: Types and Industry ApplicationsDiaphragm pumps safely transfer difficult liquids in industries from chemicals to food. Learn about air-operated and electric types, material…
Pumps and SystemsDrum Pump Selection: Drive Type, Materials and Safety GuideA poorly chosen drum pump can corrode quickly or create a serious hazard with flammable liquids. Choose the right pump based on drive type,…
Pumps and SystemsPool and Spa Pumps: Pump Types, Design and ApplicationsPool and spa pumps perform different tasks, from filtration and circulation to driving hot tub massage jets. Learn about the pump types, design…
Pumps and SystemsDry Rotor Circulation Pumps: Design, Types and ApplicationsIn a dry rotor circulation pump the motor is separate from the pumped liquid and the shaft is sealed by a mechanical seal. Learn about its role in…
Pumps and SystemsWhat Is a Wet Rotor Circulation Pump? Design, Uses and InstallationIn a wet rotor circulation pump the rotor turns inside the pumped water; this seal-less design gives quiet, low-maintenance operation. Learn how…
Pumps and SystemsWhat Is a Circulation Pump? Types, Applications and SelectionCirculation pumps keep water moving through heating, cooling and hot water circuits. Learn about wet and dry rotor types, their applications and…
Pumps and SystemsWastewater Submersible Pumps: Impeller Types and Selection GuideRemoving sewage, dirty water and liquids containing solids calls for special clog-resistant pumps. Learn about the impeller types, applications…
Pumps and SystemsCaisson Well Submersible Pumps: Features, Selection and InstallationCaisson well submersible pumps work submerged to draw water quietly from large-diameter shallow wells and tanks. Learn about float switch models,…
Pumps and SystemsWhat Is a Submersible Pump? Types, Working Principle and ApplicationsSubmersible pumps operate inside the liquid, eliminating suction problems, and are used everywhere from water supply to wastewater removal. Learn…
Pumps and SystemsVariable Speed Booster Sets: Constant Pressure and Energy SavingsVariable speed booster sets adjust pump speed to the instantaneous water demand, keeping pressure constant and cutting energy use. Learn how they…
Pumps and SystemsMulti-Pump Booster Sets: Design and Working PrincipleWhen a single pump cannot meet the water demand of a large building, booster sets with pumps operating in parallel take over. Learn how they work,…
Pumps and SystemsVertical Multistage Pumps: Design, Specifications and ApplicationsVertical multistage pumps deliver high pressure from a small footprint and are widely used from booster sets to boiler feed. Learn about their…
Pumps and SystemsHorizontal Multistage Pumps: Design, Types and ApplicationsHorizontal multistage pumps use impellers in series on a horizontal shaft to reach pressures a single-stage pump cannot. Learn about their design,…
Pumps and SystemsWhat Is a Multistage Pump? Horizontal and Vertical TypesMultistage pumps use impellers arranged in series to reach pressures a single-stage pump cannot. Learn how they work, how horizontal and vertical…
Pumps and SystemsStainless Steel Single-Stage Centrifugal Pump: Working Principle and Selection GuideWe explain step by step how single-impeller stainless steel centrifugal pumps work, how they differ from multistage pumps and where they are the…
Pumps and SystemsSingle-Stage Centrifugal Pumps: Design, Operation and ApplicationsWith a single impeller, single-stage centrifugal pumps are simple, efficient and easy to maintain, making them the most common pump type in…
Pumps and SystemsWhat Is a Peripheral Pump? How It Delivers High Pressure at Low FlowWe explain how peripheral pumps deliver high head at low flow rates, what their benefits and applications are, and which operating rules to follow.
Valves and Valve EquipmentBoiler Bottom Blowdown Valve: Function, Operation and Correct UseA boiler bottom blowdown valve discharges the sludge and sediment collecting at the lowest point of a steam boiler in short, fast openings,…
Valves and Valve EquipmentBronze Steam Valves: Features, Types and ApplicationsExplore the features, types, applications and selection criteria of bronze steam valves used in steam, hot water and marine installations.
Pumps and SystemsWhat Is a Hot Oil Pump? Design and Selection for Thermal Oil SystemsHot oil pumps circulate thermal oil at up to 350 °C in heating systems, using an air-cooled bearing and seal design. Learn how they are built and…
Pumps and SystemsWhat Is a Cast Iron Open Impeller Pump? Design, Uses and SelectionCast iron open impeller pumps combine a robust cast iron casing with an open impeller that handles water containing small amounts of sand or…
Pumps and SystemsOpen Impeller Stainless Steel Pump: The Right Choice for Liquids with SolidsWe explain how pumps with an open impeller and stainless steel casing transfer liquids containing solid particles with a low risk of clogging, and…
Pumps and SystemsWhat Is a Monoblock Centrifugal Pump? Design, Benefits and ApplicationsWe explain how monoblock centrifugal pumps combine motor and pump in one compact unit, how they differ from coupled pumps, and where they are used.
Pumps and SystemsStainless Steel Monoblock Pump: Material Selection, Benefits and ApplicationsWe explain pumps that combine the corrosion resistance of stainless steel with a compact monoblock design, the difference between 304 and 316L,…
Pumps and SystemsStainless Steel Centrifugal Pumps: Benefits, Types and ApplicationsWe summarise the benefits, types, applications and limits of stainless steel centrifugal pumps, the preferred choice where corrosion and hygiene…
Valves and Valve EquipmentIndustrial Safety Valves: Types and Correct SelectionLearn how industrial safety valves protect pressurised systems against overpressure, the difference between full lift and proportional lift types,…
Fire Protection and Mechanical EquipmentKitchen Hood Fire Suppression Systems: How They Work and StandardsLearn how hood suppression systems detect grease fires in commercial kitchens and extinguish them with wet chemical, their components and…
Boiler Automation SystemsEnergy Saving in Steam Systems: Key Equipment and SolutionsEfficient steam systems cut energy losses and improve product quality and safety through the right choice of steam traps, blowdown, deaerators and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentARI-ZESA Wafer Butterfly Valve: Features, Materials and ApplicationsLearn about the design, material and liner options, technical data and typical applications of the centric-disc ARI-ZESA wafer type butterfly valve.
Valves and Valve EquipmentARI Y-Type Strainer: Protecting Piping Equipment from DirtLearn how ARI Y-type strainers protect pumps, valves and meters from dirt, how to install them correctly on steam and liquid lines and their key…
Valves and Valve EquipmentARI-CHECKO-V/D Inline Check Valve: Working Principle, Features and ApplicationsLearn how ARI Armaturen CHECKO-V flanged piston check valves and CHECKO-D wafer disc check valves work, their material options and typical…
Steam TrapsSteam Trap Insulation Jacket: Removable Insulation That Cuts Heat LossBare steam traps lose heat continuously. Learn the benefits and construction of removable steam trap insulation jackets, and which traps need care…
Steam TrapsThermostatic Steam Trap Station: Design, Operation and AdvantagesLearn how steam trap stations combine a thermostatic trap with piston isolating valves and a test valve in one unit, and the advantages this brings.
Steam TrapsThermodynamic Steam Trap Station: Components and AdvantagesLearn how steam trap stations combine a thermodynamic trap with isolating and test valves in one compact module, and the advantages this brings.
Steam TrapsBimetallic Steam Trap Station: Components, Benefits and InstallationExplore the components, benefits and correct installation of steam trap stations that combine a bimetallic steam trap, isolation valves and test…
Steam TrapsFloat Steam Trap Station: Components, Operation and BenefitsSee the components of steam trap stations that combine a float trap with isolating valves and connectors in one unit, how they work and how they…
Boiler Automation SystemsClean Steam Generator: Hygienic Steam for Food and PharmaA clean steam generator ensures that steam in contact with the product is free from boiler chemicals and contaminants. Learn how it works, its key…
Pumps and SystemsGasoline Water Pump (Motopump): How It Works and Where to Use ItGasoline water pumps (motopumps) move large volumes of water without any electrical connection. Learn how they work, where they are used, how to…
Measurement and Control EquipmentPressure Gauge Cock: Types, Technical Features and Correct UseLearn about the types, technical features and correct use of pressure gauge cocks, which isolate gauges from the line and allow zero checks and…
Measurement and Control EquipmentMagnetic Level Indicator Accessories: Switches, Transmitters and Control PanelsLearn about the switches, transmitters and control panels that connect magnetic level indicators to automation for alarms, pump control and remote…
Measurement and Control EquipmentHorizontal Magnetic Float Level Switch for Pressure Vessels and BoilersLearn about horizontal magnetic float level switches, which are flange-mounted on tank and boiler side walls and transfer float movement to a…
Measurement and Control EquipmentHeat Meter (Calorimeter): Working Principle and ApplicationsLearn how heat meters measure energy consumption in heating and cooling systems, their components, selection rules and typical applications.
Measurement and Control EquipmentUltrasonic Flowmeter: Working Principle, Types and ApplicationsLearn the transit-time principle of ultrasonic flowmeters, the difference between clamp-on and inline models, installation rules and typical…
Measurement and Control EquipmentCoriolis Mass Flowmeter: Direct Mass Flow and Density MeasurementExplore the working principle, advantages and limitations of Coriolis flowmeters, which measure mass flow directly while also providing density…
Measurement and Control EquipmentElectromagnetic Flow Meter: Working Principle, Installation and UsesLearn the working principle, limitations, material options and installation rules of electromagnetic flow meters that measure conductive liquids…
Measurement and Control EquipmentFlow Meters: Types of Industrial Flow Meters and How to ChooseCompare the principles, suitable fluids and selection criteria of electromagnetic, turbine, variable area, ultrasonic, Coriolis and vortex flow…
Fire Protection and Mechanical EquipmentVdS Approved Sprinkler Hose: Construction, Specifications and UsesLearn how VdS approved flexible sprinkler hoses are built, their typical specifications, their advantages in suspended ceilings and where they are…
Fire Protection and Mechanical EquipmentUL Listed Sprinkler Hose: UL 2443, NFPA 13 and Approval DifferencesLearn what a UL listing means for flexible sprinkler hoses, the UL 2443 and NFPA 13 requirements and the differences between UL, FM and VdS approvals.
Fire Protection and Mechanical EquipmentFM Approved Sprinkler Hose: FM 1637 Approval and Selection CriteriaLearn what FM approval means, which tests flexible sprinkler hoses pass under the FM 1637 standard and what to check when choosing an approved hose.
Boiler Automation SystemsSurface and Bottom Blowdown Valves: Differences and Automatic Blowdown SystemsSteam boilers face two separate problems: dissolved salts building up in the water and sludge settling at the bottom. Surface and bottom blowdown…
Steam TrapsSLR Float Steam Trap: Reliable Drainage Without Steam LockingLearn how SLR float steam traps use a needle valve to release steam locking on rotating cylinders, and review their technical data.
Steam TrapsSteam Main Air Vents: Venting Air from Steam Lines and Correct InstallationAir trapped in steam mains slows heat-up and causes corrosion. See how thermostatic air vents fitted at the end of the main work and how to…
Measurement and Control EquipmentPVC Magnetic Level Indicator: Safe Level Reading for Acids and ChemicalsLearn how PVC magnetic level indicators show tank levels in chemical and acidic applications with a sealed design, and which data is needed to…
Valves and Valve EquipmentStainless Steel Tank Float Valve: Working Principle and FeaturesLearn how a stainless steel tank float valve controls the level of water and neutral liquids without electricity, its technical data and installation.
Expansion JointsExhaust Expansion Joint: Metal Bellows for High Temperature and MovementDiscover stainless steel bellows exhaust expansion joints that absorb thermal expansion, vibration and misalignment in engine, generator and…
Expansion JointsHinged Expansion Joint: Angular Movement in a Single PlaneLearn how hinged expansion joints allow angular rotation in one plane, how they carry pressure thrust, and how they are combined in two- and…
Water Treatment and FiltrationCoconut Shell Inline Post Carbon Filter: What It Is and What It DoesDiscover the coconut shell based inline post carbon filter, the final stage of reverse osmosis and other drinking water systems that improves…
Valves and Valve EquipmentSteam Valves: Types, Features and Choosing the Right ValveCompare the design, advantages and typical duties of globe, piston, gate, metal bellows and bronze steam valves, and learn the key criteria for…
Pumps and SystemsWhat Is a Jet Pump? Working Principle, Specifications and ApplicationsThanks to their built-in ejector, jet pumps can expel air from the suction line and draw water from shallow wells and tanks by themselves. Learn…
Steam TrapsHow to Test Steam Traps: Detecting Steam Leaks and BlockagesLearn how to find steam traps that pass steam or back up condensate using test valves, temperature measurement and ultrasonic listening, how often…
Pumps and SystemsDouble Diaphragm Pump: How Air-Operated Pumps WorkAir-operated double diaphragm pumps transfer viscous, abrasive and solids-laden liquids without an electric motor. Learn how they work, their…
Steam TrapsSteam Traps: Three Jobs – Condensate, Air and Water Hammer ProtectionLearn the three jobs of a steam trap – condensate removal, air venting and water hammer protection – and which trap type suits which application.
Valves and Valve EquipmentSelf-Acting Pressure Reducing Valve: Bellows-Balanced Design and InstallationLearn about the design, advantages and installation rules of bellows-balanced, actuator-type self-acting pressure reducing valves that keep outlet…
Flexible and Metal HosesNatural Gas Hose: Construction, Types and Safe InstallationStainless steel natural gas hoses connect appliances such as combi boilers, water heaters and cookers to the gas installation flexibly and…
Flexible and Metal HosesStainless Steel Water Connection Hose: Flexible Connections for Taps, Cisterns and BoilersStainless steel water connection hoses (flexible water hoses) make connections to taps, cisterns, combi boilers and appliances quick, flexible and…
Flexible and Metal HosesChoosing a Stainless Steel Flexible Hose: Braided or Unbraided?The right stainless steel flexible hose depends on the medium, pressure, temperature and connection type. The difference between braided and…
Boiler Automation SystemsAutomatic Boiler Surface Blowdown System for TDS ControlAn automatic surface blowdown system continuously measures total dissolved solids (TDS) in boiler water and blows down only as much as needed,…
Pumps and SystemsWhat Does a Pool Pump Do? Functions, Selection and MaintenanceThe pool pump is the heart of the system that keeps pool water clean and hygienic by circulating it through the filter. Here is what it does, how…
Valves and Valve EquipmentHigh Pressure and High Temperature Valves: Material and Rating SelectionLearn how pressure class changes with temperature, which body material to choose and which seat and packing options suit superheated steam and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentWhat Is a Gate Valve? Operating Principle, Types and ApplicationsLearn the operating principle, stem and seat types, advantages, limitations and applications of gate valves that fully open or completely shut off…
Valves and Valve EquipmentWhat Is a Ball Valve? Working Principle, Types and SelectionBall valves are quarter-turn valves with low pressure loss and tight shut-off. Here is a summary of how they work, the main types and what to…
Valves and Valve EquipmentMetal Bellows Valve: A Low-Maintenance Answer to Stem LeakageMetal bellows valves use a stainless steel bellows between stem and medium to stop leakage along the stem, giving safe, low-maintenance operation…
Valves and Valve EquipmentPiston Steam Valve: Working Principle, Design and AdvantagesLearn the working principle, materials and maintenance advantages of piston steam valves that provide long-lasting, tight shut-off on steam, hot…
Pumps and SystemsWhat Is a Booster Pump Set (Hydrophore)? Working Principle, Types and UsesA booster set (hydrophore) delivers water to the taps at the required pressure where mains pressure is insufficient. Learn how it works, the main…
Valves and Valve EquipmentButterfly Valve Types and Advantages: A Selection GuideWith their compact design, quarter-turn operation and wide size range, butterfly valves are among the most common valves in industrial…
Mixer Taps and FaucetsTypes of Taps, Mixers and Valves: Differences and Buying GuideTaps, mixers and valves are at work at every point of a plumbing system, from shutting off water to blending hot and cold. Learn the differences…
Pumps and SystemsPump Installation: A Step-by-Step Guide from Setup to Start-UpEven a well-selected pump loses efficiency and fails early if it is installed poorly. Here is what to watch for during pump installation, from the…
Valves and Valve EquipmentPneumatic Piston Valve: A Guide to Y-Type Angle Seat On-Off ValvesLearn how air-operated Y-type piston valves work, which actuator types exist, how to install them correctly and which media they can handle.
FittingsWhat Is a Flange? Pipe Flange Types, Materials and SelectionExplore the types, materials and standards of flanges that connect pipes, valves and pumps in a removable way, and what to watch for during…
Boiler Automation SystemsFlash Steam System: Recovering Energy from CondensateWhen hot, high-pressure condensate passes to a lower pressure, part of it re-evaporates. A flash steam system recovers this steam, saving fuel and…
Expansion JointsBraided Expansion Joint: Design and Use of Stainless Braided BellowsExplore the construction of braided expansion joints, what the stainless steel braid does, their specifications and their use at pump connections.
Expansion JointsMarine Rubber Expansion Joint: Vibration and Noise Control on ShipsDiscover how marine-type rubber expansion joints reduce vibration and noise at pump, engine and compressor connections on ships and in shipyards,…
Expansion JointsSeismic Isolator Expansion Joint: Externally Pressurized DesignDiscover how externally pressurized expansion joints protect fire, HVAC and medical gas lines crossing the isolation level of base-isolated…
Expansion JointsCustom Expansion Joints: Engineered Design, Standards and TestingExplore the design standards, the data needed for a quotation, typical tests and main types of custom expansion joints engineered for projects…
Flexible and Metal HosesV-Flex Loop: Flexible Protection Against Expansion and Seismic MovementWith its V-shaped flexible loop design, a V-Flex connector protects pipework against movement in every direction at building expansion joints and…
Expansion JointsU-Flex Flexible Connector: Absorbing Building and Seismic MovementSee how U-Flex (Omega) flexible connectors use a U-shaped loop to absorb movement in every direction at building expansion gaps and during…
Expansion JointsDecorative Pipe Expansion Joint: Clean-Looking Expansion Control for RisersDiscover decorative pipe expansion joints that safely absorb thermal expansion in heating and hot water risers of tall buildings and suit visible…
Expansion JointsFM Approved Seismic Expansion Joint with Gimbal Design for Building JointsDiscover FM approved gimbal-type seismic expansion joints that protect pipework crossing building expansion joints during earthquakes and ground…
Expansion JointsLimit Rod Expansion Joint: Design, Specifications and ApplicationsLearn how limit rod expansion joints protect pipework crossing building expansion gaps against settlement, thermal expansion and seismic movement,…
Steam TrapsWhat Is a Steam Trap? Function, Operating Principle and TypesA plain-language summary of what a steam trap does in a steam system, why it is needed, and the basic operating principles of mechanical,…
Pumps and SystemsDeep Well Submersible Pump: Design, Selection and InstallationDeep well submersible pumps use a multistage design to lift groundwater from boreholes to the surface. Learn about their design, selection…
Pumps and SystemsSubmersible Sewage Pump with Cutter Blade: How It Works and Where to Use ItWe explain how submersible grinder pumps cut up fibrous and solid matter in wastewater, what their benefits are and where they are the right choice.
Measurement and Control EquipmentWhat Is a Pressure Transmitter? Working Principle, Types and SelectionLearn how a pressure transmitter works, how it differs from a transducer, the gauge, absolute and differential types, selection criteria and…
Pumps and SystemsWhat Is a Drum Pump? Working Principle, Types and ApplicationsDrum pumps transfer liquids from drums, containers and IBC totes safely and without spills. Learn how they work, which types exist and which…
Valves and Valve EquipmentFull Lift Safety Valve: Operating Principle, Selection and InstallationLearn the definition of full lift safety valves, how they differ from proportional valves, their advantages, selection criteria and correct…
Valves and Valve EquipmentResilient Seated Gate Valve: Design, Benefits and ApplicationsLearn the design, benefits and applications of resilient (elastomer) seated, non-rising stem gate valves that provide tight shut-off in water…
Measurement and Control EquipmentLimit Switch Box: Open/Closed Position Feedback for Actuated ValvesLearn how limit switch boxes report the open and closed position of actuated valves to the control system, and how they are built, mounted and…
Pneumatic EquipmentNAMUR Solenoid Valve: Working Principle and SelectionLearn how NAMUR solenoid valves mount directly on pneumatic actuators, the difference between 3/2 and 5/2 versions, and their technical data.
Measurement and Control EquipmentStainless Steel Pressure Gauge Valve: Safe Measurement at High Pressure and TemperatureLearn about the design, pressure-temperature ratings and use of AISI 316 stainless steel gauge valves that isolate pressure gauges in steam,…
Measurement and Control EquipmentMagnetic Flow Switch: Reliable Flow Detection with a Reed ContactLearn how magnetic flow switches detect flow with a magnet and reed contact in applications from cooling circuits to combi boilers and welding…
Valves and Valve EquipmentSelecting a Direct-Acting Steam Pressure Reducing Valve and PRV StationWhat should you consider when selecting a threaded direct-acting steam pressure reducing valve? This guide covers set range, flow, offset and the…
Valves and Valve EquipmentWhat Is a Combined Balancing Valve? Operation and AdvantagesA combined balancing valve keeps the set flow rate in heating and cooling circuits regardless of pressure fluctuations and, fitted with an…
Valves and Valve EquipmentAluminium Bronze Disc Lug Type Butterfly Valve: Design, Advantages and ApplicationsLearn about the design, advantages, specifications and applications of aluminium bronze disc lug type butterfly valves for seawater and corrosive…
Valves and Valve EquipmentAluminium Bronze Disc Wafer Butterfly Valve: Features, Installation and ApplicationsDiscover aluminium bronze disc wafer butterfly valves, a light, compact and economical choice for seawater and corrosive media lines, plus…
Valves and Valve EquipmentPTFE Seated Wafer Butterfly Valve: A Compact, Chemical-Resistant SolutionExplore the design, limits and applications of PTFE (Teflon) seated wafer butterfly valves, which resist corrosive and chemical media thanks to…
Valves and Valve EquipmentWater Hammer Arrester: Protecting Pipework Against Pressure SurgesLearn what causes water hammer, how gas-cushion water hammer arresters and surge control valves work, and where and how to install them.
Valves and Valve EquipmentDouble Orifice Air Release Valve: Working Principle, Benefits and ApplicationsLearn how double orifice (double ball) air release valves vent large volumes of air during filling and small air pockets during operation, and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentSingle Orifice Air Valve: Kinetic and Automatic Types, Selection and InstallationLearn the kinetic and automatic types of single ball air valves that vent air from pipelines and pump discharges, how they differ from double…
HVAC EquipmentFan Coil Valve: Types, Operating Principle and Selection CriteriaLearn how 2-way and 3-way valves control water flow in fan coil units, which actuators are available and how to select the right valve.
Valves and Valve EquipmentManual Hydraulic Control Valve: Working Principle and ApplicationsA manual hydraulic control valve is a diaphragm valve powered by the pressure of the water in the line. It is opened and closed with a 3-way…
Valves and Valve EquipmentPump Control Valve: Preventing Water Hammer at Pump Start-Up and ShutdownLearn the operating sequence, check valve function, settings and correct installation of the hydraulic pump control valve fitted at the pump…
Valves and Valve EquipmentWhat Is a Flow Control Valve? Working Principle, Setting and ApplicationsLearn how diaphragm flow control valves keep the flow rate at a set value without external energy, even when inlet pressure changes, and how they…
Valves and Valve EquipmentSolenoid Controlled Hydraulic Control Valve: Electric On-Off for Water LinesLearn how line-pressure-operated diaphragm control valves with a solenoid pilot work, which options exist and where they are used.
Valves and Valve EquipmentElectric Float Level Control Valve: Operating Principle and UsesLearn how level control valves with an electric float and solenoid pilot keep water tanks automatically within a set level range, and where they…
Valves and Valve EquipmentFloat Level Control Valve: Automatic Tank Filling Without PowerLearn the operating principle, installation and adjustment of float level control valves that maintain tank levels automatically using mains water…
Valves and Valve EquipmentPressure Relief Control Valve: Operating Principle and InstallationLearn the operating principle, installation and setting of the pilot-operated pressure relief valve that protects lines against pump start-stop…
Valves and Valve EquipmentPressure Sustaining and Reducing Control Valve: Two Functions in One BodyLearn how a hydraulic control valve combines upstream pressure sustaining and downstream pressure reducing in one body, and how its two pilots are…
Valves and Valve EquipmentPressure Sustaining Control Valve: The Hydraulic Valve That Protects Inlet PressureLearn how pressure sustaining control valves hold upstream pressure at a set minimum, their role in pump and filter lines, and how to install and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentSolenoid Controlled Pressure Reducing Valve: Pressure Reduction with Remote On-OffLearn how a hydraulic control valve combining a pressure reducing pilot with a solenoid pilot works, how it is set, how to choose NC or NO and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentHydraulic Pressure Reducing Control Valve: Operation, Installation and SettingLearn how pilot-operated hydraulic pressure reducing control valves work on line pressure alone, their benefits, and the key steps for…
Solenoid ValvesFuel Solenoid Valve: Working Principle, Specifications and SelectionLearn how fuel solenoid valves shut off flow on burners and fuel lines by electrical signal, and how to choose the right seal material and…
Solenoid ValvesSteam Solenoid Valves: Working Principle, Selection and InstallationSteam solenoid valves open and close steam flow quickly and automatically on an electrical signal. Learn how they work, how to choose seals and…
Solenoid ValvesGeneral Purpose Solenoid Valves: Operating Types, Seal Selection and UsesGeneral purpose solenoid valves open and close the flow of water, air, light oil and neutral gases automatically on an electrical signal. Learn…
Valves and Valve EquipmentThreaded Steam Pressure Reducing Valve: Working Principle and Technical DataLearn how threaded, direct-acting steam pressure reducing valves lower steam pressure to the required level on small and medium flow lines, and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentStainless Steel Threaded Safety Valve: Features, Selection and InstallationLearn the working principle, technical data, selection criteria and safe installation rules of corrosion-resistant stainless steel threaded safety…
Valves and Valve EquipmentBronze Threaded Safety Valve: Operation, Selection and InstallationLearn the operating principle, selection criteria and installation rules of bronze threaded safety valves that protect boilers, pressure vessels…
Valves and Valve EquipmentBrass Safety Valve: Types, Selection and Installation RulesLearn about the types, technical data, selection and installation rules of threaded brass safety valves used in heating, hot water, steam and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentSteam Pressure Reducing Valve: Operating Principle, Types and SelectionLearn the operating principle, types and selection criteria of steam pressure reducing valves that lower boiler-pressure steam to the pressure…
Valves and Valve EquipmentWater Pressure Reducing Valve: Protect Pipework and Appliances from High PressureLearn how water pressure reducing valves lower high mains pressure to a constant value in building and plant water lines, and how to select,…
Valves and Valve EquipmentDismantling Joint: Design, Installation and ApplicationsLearn how dismantling joints make it easy to install and remove valves, pumps and check valves in pipelines, with installation steps and technical…
Measurement and Control EquipmentBrass Pressure Gauge Valve: An Economical Instrument Valve for General ServiceLearn about the design, pressure classes and applications of brass gauge valves used to isolate pressure gauges in water, air, hydraulic and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentFlanged Static Balancing Valve: Hydronic Balancing for Large PipelinesExplore the features, setting and selection of flanged static balancing valves that deliver the design flow to every circuit in large heating and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentThreaded Static Balancing Valve: How It Works and Its BenefitsLearn how threaded static balancing valves deliver the right flow to every heating and cooling circuit, their key features and where they are used.
Valves and Valve EquipmentDynamic Balancing Valve: How Automatic Flow Balancing WorksLearn how dynamic balancing valves automatically keep each heating or cooling circuit at its design flow rate even when the differential pressure…
Actuators and Gear OperatorsValve Gearbox (Gear Operator): Working Principle and BenefitsA valve gearbox lets large valves be opened and closed with little effort and in a controlled way. Learn how it works, its benefits and where it…
Valves and Valve EquipmentStainless Steel Y-Strainer: Design, Selection and MaintenanceLearn the function, technical data, applications, correct installation position and maintenance of stainless steel Y-type strainers.
Valves and Valve EquipmentFlanged Y-Strainer: Function, Design and Installation RulesLearn the design, benefits, applications and installation rules of flanged Y-type strainers that protect pumps, valves, steam traps and heat…
Valves and Valve EquipmentBrass Y-Strainer: Design, Technical Data and UseLearn about the design, technical data, installation and maintenance of brass Y-type strainers that protect equipment in heating, cooling and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentKnife Gate Valve: The Solution for Slurry, Fibrous and Solids-Laden MediaExplore the design, advantages, material options and applications of knife gate valves, the preferred choice for difficult media such as pulp,…
Actuators and Gear OperatorsElectric Actuators: Working Principle, Types and AdvantagesElectric actuators convert electrical energy into motion that opens, closes or positions a valve. Learn how they work, the main types and how to…
Actuators and Gear OperatorsSingle-Acting Pneumatic Actuator: Spring-Return Valve AutomationA single-acting pneumatic actuator drives the valve with air and returns it with springs. Get to know the actuator that brings the valve to a safe…
Actuators and Gear OperatorsDouble-Acting Pneumatic Actuator: Working Principle and ApplicationsDouble-acting pneumatic actuators use compressed air to drive the valve in both the opening and closing directions. Learn how they work, their…
Valves and Valve EquipmentLug Type Butterfly Valve: Dead-End Service, Installation and SelectionA lug type butterfly valve is bolted to each flange separately through threaded lugs on its body, so the valve stays in place even when the pipe…
Valves and Valve EquipmentWafer Type Butterfly Valve: Design, Lug Comparison and InstallationLearn the design of wafer type butterfly valves clamped between flanges, how they differ from lug and flanged types, material options and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentBrass Ball Valve: Materials, Pressure Ratings and Correct SelectionLearn about the materials, pressure ratings, advantages and selection criteria of brass ball valves, the most common shut-off valve in water, air,…
Valves and Valve EquipmentActuator-Ready 3-Piece Flanged Stainless Steel Ball ValveExplore the design, advantages, specifications and applications of automation-ready, 3-piece flanged stainless steel ball valves for industrial…
Valves and Valve EquipmentActuator Mountable Ball Valve: 3-Piece Threaded Stainless Steel ModelLearn about 3-piece threaded stainless steel actuator mountable ball valves with ISO 5211 mounting pads: key features, testing, specifications and…
Valves and Valve Equipment3-Piece Flanged Stainless Steel Ball Valve: AISI 304 or AISI 316?Explore the technical features of 3-piece flanged stainless steel ball valves with AISI 304 and AISI 316 options, how to choose the right material…
Valves and Valve EquipmentThree-Piece Stainless Steel Ball Valve: In-Line Maintenance and Technical DataLearn about the design, technical data and typical applications of three-piece stainless steel ball valves that can be serviced while the end…
Valves and Valve EquipmentTwo-Piece Stainless Steel Ball Valve: Design, Technical Data and UseLearn about the design, technical data, advantages and typical applications of threaded two-piece stainless steel ball valves.
Valves and Valve EquipmentSpring-Loaded Brass Check Valves: Working Principle and Selection GuideSpring-loaded brass check valves are one of the simplest ways to prevent backflow in piping systems. Learn how they work, where they are used and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentStainless Steel Swing Check Valve: Design, Features and InstallationLearn how threaded stainless steel swing check valves provide one-way flow with a hinged disc, their technical data, applications and correct…
Valves and Valve EquipmentWafer Swing Check Valve: Working Principle, Models and InstallationLearn how single-disc wafer swing check valves installed between flanges work, how spring-assisted and springless models differ and what to watch…
Valves and Valve EquipmentDual Plate Check Valve: Design, Technical Data and ApplicationsDiscover the design, technical data and applications of dual plate check valves, known for their compact wafer body, low pressure drop and fast…
Valves and Valve EquipmentDisc Check Valve: Working Principle, Material Options and ApplicationsLearn how compact wafer-type disc check valves prevent backflow, which body materials are available and where they are used.
Valves and Valve EquipmentWhat Is a Lift Check Valve? Operation, Installation and ApplicationsLift check valves are non-return valves whose disc moves perpendicular to the seat, giving tight shut-off. We explain how they work and the rules…
Measurement and Control EquipmentWhat Is a Flow Switch? Working Principle and ApplicationsLearn how paddle flow switches work, their use in boiler, chiller and pump protection, the selection criteria and the key installation rules.
Steam TrapsFree Float Steam Trap: Working Principle and Technical DataLearn how lever-less free float steam traps with a single moving part work, plus their technical data and typical applications.
Steam TrapsCondensate Pump: Operating Principle, Types and Energy SavingsLearn how condensate pumps return condensate to the boiler house to save fuel and water, and how electric and mechanical pumps differ.
HVAC EquipmentAutomatic Air Vent: Operating Principle, Benefits and Correct InstallationLearn how automatic air vents discharge trapped air from closed heating and cooling systems and where they should be installed.
Heat ExchangersPackaged Heat Exchanger System: Components, Operation and ApplicationsLearn how packaged heat exchanger systems produce domestic hot water and heating water from an existing hot water or steam source, and where they…
Measurement and Control EquipmentVortex Steam Flow Meter: Measuring Steam Consumption AccuratelyLearn how vortex steam flow meters measure steam flow from vortex shedding frequency, why compensation matters, typical accuracy and the key…
Steam TrapsCompressed Air Condensate Drain: Working Principle and SelectionLearn how liquid drainers automatically remove water-oil condensate from compressed air and gas lines, which types exist and how to use them…
Steam TrapsAir Vent for Liquid Systems: Working Principle and SelectionLearn how automatic air vents remove air from water and liquid lines, the benefits they bring and how to select the right one.
Steam TrapsAir Vents for Steam Systems: What They Are, How They Work and Where to Fit ThemLearn how thermostatic air vents automatically discharge air from steam systems, plus their technical data and the right points to install them.
Steam TrapsVacuum Breaker Valve: Working Principle and Benefits in Steam SystemsLearn how vacuum breaker valves prevent condensation-induced vacuum in steam systems, their benefits and where to install them.
Steam TrapsBimetallic Steam Traps: Working Principle, Benefits and ApplicationsLearn how bimetallic steam traps work, what makes them suitable for superheated steam and harsh operating conditions, and how to install and…
Steam TrapsThermostatic Steam Trap: Working Principle, Features and InstallationLearn how thermostatic steam traps follow the saturation curve, and review their technical data, installation rules and applications.
Valves and Valve EquipmentSteam Trap Test Valve: Checking for Steam Leaks in a Running SystemA steam trap test valve lets you check a trap’s discharge visually without shutting down the system, a practical way to spot traps that are…
Steam TrapsSteam Trap Monitoring: Sensor Chamber and Controller for Detecting Steam LeaksFailed steam traps leak steam unnoticed. Learn how a conductivity sensor chamber and controller detect steam leakage and where the chamber is…
Steam TrapsWhat Is a Thermodynamic Steam Trap? Working Principle and FeaturesLearn how the disc-type thermodynamic steam trap works, its advantages and limitations, and its technical data.
Steam TrapsInverted Bucket Steam Trap: Working Principle, Start-up and FeaturesLearn how the inverted bucket steam trap works, the rules for start-up, and its technical data and applications.
HVAC EquipmentWhat Is an Air Bottle? Air Collection and Venting in Heating SystemsLearn the role of the air bottle that collects trapped air at one point in heating systems, how to install it and how it differs from an air…
HVAC EquipmentCombined Hydraulic Separator: Hydraulic Decoupling, Air and Dirt Removal in OneLearn how a combined hydraulic separator merges hydraulic separation, air removal and dirt removal in one body, and what benefits it offers.
HVAC EquipmentWhat Is a Hydraulic Separator? Role and Operating Principle in Heating SystemsLearn the operating principle, benefits, correct connection and sizing of the hydraulic separator that decouples boiler and consumer circuits in…
Measurement and Control EquipmentStainless Steel Vertical Level Switch: Compact Solution for Small TanksLearn how compact stainless steel float switches with reed contacts, mounted vertically from the top or bottom of a tank, work and what their key…
Boiler Automation SystemsBoiler High Water Level Alarm Switch: Protection Against Wet Steam and Water HammerAn excessively high water level in a boiler causes water to be carried over with the steam and water hammer in the lines. A high level alarm…
Boiler Automation SystemsBoiler Low Water Level Alarm Switch: Self-Monitoring ProtectionLow water is one of the most serious faults in a steam boiler. Learn how self-monitoring low water switches work and why they matter.
Measurement and Control EquipmentCondensate Contamination Monitoring System: Automatic Dumping by ConductivityDiscover condensate contamination monitoring systems that detect condensate polluted by failures such as heat exchanger leaks using conductivity,…
Measurement and Control EquipmentHorizontal Mini Magnetic Level Switch: Compact Side-Mounted SolutionLearn about horizontal mini magnetic level switches, which are side-mounted on small machines and compact tanks and work with a hinged float and a…
Valves and Valve EquipmentAutomatic Boiler Fill Valve: Operation, Setting and InstallationLearn how an automatic boiler fill valve tops up lost water in closed heating systems to keep the system pressure constant, and how to set and…
Boiler Automation SystemsProportional Boiler Feed Water Control: Steady Level, Better SteamInstead of on-off feeding, proportional control supplies the boiler continuously with just the water it needs, keeping both water level and boiler…
Steam TrapsHigh Capacity Thermostatic Steam Trap: Design and ApplicationsDiscover high capacity thermostatic steam traps that handle heavy condensate loads with multiple capsules and an adjustable conical valve.
Valves and Valve EquipmentSurface Blowdown System Components and Blowdown Heat RecoveryAn automatic surface blowdown system is a control loop in which measuring, control and discharge equipment work together. We look at each…
Measurement and Control EquipmentCable Float Switch: Working Principle and Pump ControlLearn how cable float level switches work, how to wire them for filling or emptying, how to set the working band and where they are used.
Measurement and Control EquipmentHigh Temperature Liquid Level Sensor: Electrode Level Control for Conductive LiquidsLearn how electrode-type high temperature level sensors control the level of conductive liquids in steam boilers, booster sets and tanks without…
Measurement and Control EquipmentGlass Tube Level Gauge: Economical Level Monitoring for TanksExplore the construction, material options and optional level contact of glass and acrylic tube level gauges that show tank liquid levels directly.
Measurement and Control EquipmentMotorized Rotary Paddle Level Switch: Level Control for Silos and BinsLearn how motorized rotary paddle level switches detect powders, granules and chips in silos, bins and hoppers, and how to select and install them…
Measurement and Control EquipmentCapacitive Level Switch: Point Level Detection for Liquids, Powders and GranulesLearn how capacitive level switches give a relay output when a set level is reached in tanks and silos, how they are adjusted and where they are used.
Measurement and Control EquipmentCapacitive Level Sensor: Probe Types, Selection Criteria and ApplicationsExplore the probe types, selection criteria and applications of capacitive level sensors used in everything from liquid tanks to cement silos.
Boiler Automation SystemsBoiler Water Sample Cooler: Accurate Sampling for Water AnalysisA sample of hot boiler water taken into an open container gives misleading results because of flash evaporation. A sample cooler cools it in a…
Valves and Valve EquipmentAutomatic Bottom Blowdown System: Components, Operation and SetupAn automatic bottom blowdown system removes sludge from the bottom of a steam boiler on a timed, repeatable schedule. Here are its four components…
Measurement and Control EquipmentMechanical Level Switch: Float-Operated Level Control for Tanks and BoilersLearn how side-mounted mechanical level switches use float movement to control pumps, solenoid valves and alarms, and explore their types and…
Measurement and Control EquipmentExplosion-Proof Horizontal Magnetic Float Switch and ATEX ZonesLearn the working principle of explosion-proof horizontal magnetic float switches, ATEX zones, Ex marking and the selection criteria for hazardous…
Measurement and Control EquipmentStainless Steel Tank Level Float: Working Principle and Selection CriteriaLearn how stainless steel tank level floats work, where they are used and which material, pressure, temperature and density criteria matter when…
Measurement and Control EquipmentRod Type Level Switch: Multi-Point Level Control with a Single DeviceLearn about rod type level switches that are mounted from the tank roof and control several level points with floats and reed switches on a single…
Measurement and Control EquipmentLevel Measurement Instruments: Technologies, Comparison and Selection CriteriaCompare the working principles of float, magnetic, capacitive, ultrasonic and hydrostatic level instruments and learn the criteria for choosing…
Measurement and Control EquipmentMagnetic Level Indicator: Working Principle, Features and ApplicationsExplore the design, features and applications of magnetic level indicators, which show liquid level in tanks and boilers using a float and…
Measurement and Control EquipmentSteam Boiler Level Controller: Four Levels in One DeviceSee how a conductivity boiler level controller combines pump start/stop and high/low level alarms in one device, and how it is installed.
Measurement and Control EquipmentBoiler Feed Water Level Controller: Float-Type Level Control for Steam BoilersLearn how float-type boiler feed water level controllers switch the feed pump and low-level alarm on steam boilers, and how they are built and…
Expansion JointsThreaded Rubber Expansion Joint: Features, Benefits and ApplicationsDiscover threaded rubber expansion joints that dampen pump vibration and noise in small-bore pipework and install easily thanks to threaded ends.
Expansion JointsVibration Absorber Metal Expansion Joint: Selection, Installation and UsesLearn how to select and correctly install vibration absorber metal expansion joints that limit the spread of vibration from pumps, compressors and…
Expansion JointsRubber Expansion Joint: Construction, Types and Selection CriteriaLearn about the construction, types and selection criteria of rubber expansion joints that dampen vibration, noise and small movements at pumps…
Expansion JointsExternally Pressurized Expansion Joint: Large Axial Movement Without SquirmDiscover expansion joints that absorb large axial expansion in long pipelines without squirm, by applying pressure to the outside of the bellows.
Flexible and Metal HosesInsulated Fan Coil Connection Hose: Preventing Condensation and Heat LossInsulated flexible hoses that connect fan coil units to the pipework make installation easier, while rubber insulation prevents condensation in…
Fire Protection and Mechanical EquipmentSprinkler Hose Connection Set: Components, Length Selection and InstallationLearn how a sprinkler connection set is built from hose, nipple, sprinkler adapter and ceiling bracket, how to choose size and length, and how to…
Flexible and Metal HosesFlexible Metal Hoses: Vibration Damping and Correct InstallationCorrugated, braided stainless steel flexible metal hoses damp vibration and compensate misalignment in pipework. Correct installation is essential…
Valves and Valve EquipmentVortex Steam Separator: How a Cyclonic Steam Separator WorksLearn how a vortex (cyclonic) steam separator removes water droplets from steam, how it differs from baffle types and how it should be installed.
Expansion JointsAxial Metal Bellows Expansion Joint: Managing Thermal Expansion in PipelinesLearn how axial metal bellows expansion joints absorb thermal expansion along the pipe axis, review their specifications, and see how anchors and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentFull Bore 3-Piece Ball Valve: Flow Control with Minimum Pressure LossExplore flanged, ductile iron full bore 3-piece ball valves, whose bore equals the pipe bore for very low pressure loss.
Steam TrapsFloat Steam Trap with Sight Glass: Features and ApplicationsMeet float steam traps with sight glass: they discharge condensate continuously at saturation temperature, vent air via a thermostatic capsule and…
Steam TrapsSanitary Steam Trap: Condensate Removal for Clean and Sterile Steam SystemsSee how sanitary steam traps for pharmaceutical, food and chemical plants work, what makes their design hygienic and how to install them on…
Measurement and Control EquipmentCapacitive Level Transmitter: Continuous Liquid Level Measurement with 4-20 mALearn how capacitive level transmitters measure liquid level in tanks and boilers continuously and convert it into a 4-20 mA signal, and how they…
Fire Protection and Mechanical EquipmentFire Department Connection: Function, Connection Rules and FeaturesLearn the function, design, connection rules and technical data of the fire department connection that lets the fire brigade pump water into a…
Pumps and SystemsBooster Set Selection: How to Choose the Right Booster PumpA poorly chosen booster set leads to low pressure, high energy use and short equipment life. Select the right system step by step based on flow,…
Expansion JointsWhat Is an Expansion Joint? Function, Movement Types and ConnectionsLearn the basic functions, movement types, materials and end connections of expansion joints that absorb thermal expansion and vibration in pipelines.
Actuators and Gear OperatorsWhat Is an Actuator? Working Principle, Types and ApplicationsAn actuator converts electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic energy into mechanical motion. This guide covers how actuators work, the main types and…
Valves and Valve EquipmentWhat Is a Globe Valve? Design, Advantages and ApplicationsLearn the design, operating principle, types and applications of globe valves used for both shut-off and flow regulation on steam,…
Pumps and SystemsHorizontal Centrifugal Pumps: Close-Coupled vs Long-Coupled, Installation and UsesHorizontal centrifugal pumps are the backbone of industrial liquid transfer. Learn how close-coupled and long-coupled types differ, how they work…
Fire Protection and Mechanical EquipmentFire Protection Valves: Types, Functions and SelectionExplore the valve types used in sprinkler, hydrant and fire pump systems, their functions, typical locations and the key points for selecting them.
Pumps and SystemsVortex Impeller Submersible Sewage Pumps: Clog-Resistant DesignWith an impeller recessed into the casing, vortex submersible pumps reduce the risk of clogging in fibrous and solids-laden wastewater. Learn how…
Pumps and SystemsSingle-Pump Booster Sets: Components, Operation and ApplicationsA practical answer to low water pressure in houses and small businesses: the single-pump booster set. Learn about its components, operating cycle…
Fire Protection and Mechanical EquipmentSprinkler Connection Hose: Advantages and Installation RulesLearn the advantages of stainless steel hoses that flexibly connect sprinkler heads to the branch line, compared with rigid drops, and the correct…
Solenoid ValvesWhat Is a Solenoid Valve? Working Principle, Types and ApplicationsLearn how solenoid valves open and close fluid flow on an electrical signal, plus their port and position types, selection criteria and typical…
Pumps and SystemsWhat Is a Centrifugal Pump? Working Principle, Components and TypesWe explain the basics of the centrifugal pump, the most common pump type in industry: how it works, its main components, its types and where it is…
Steam TrapsWhat Is a Float Steam Trap? Operating Principle, Benefits and LimitsLearn how float steam traps discharge condensate continuously, which applications they suit best and which limits to keep in mind when installing…
Pumps and SystemsWhat Is a Self-Priming Pump? Working Principle, Types and UsesAfter an initial fill, self-priming pumps evacuate the air in the suction line themselves and can lift water from below the pump. Learn how they…
Pumps and SystemsPlastic Submersible Pump: A Light and Economical Drainage SolutionWe explain how plastic-bodied submersible drainage pumps for basements, construction sites and standing water work, their benefits and the right…
Valves and Valve EquipmentPneumatic On-Off Valve (Piston Type): Applications, Fluids and SelectionLearn in which fluids and industries pneumatic piston on-off valves are used for fast, air-operated open/close control in automation systems, and…
Heat ExchangersPlate Heat Exchangers: Operating Principle, Types and AdvantagesLearn how plate heat exchangers achieve high heat transfer in a small footprint thanks to corrugated plates, and how to choose the right type,…
Actuators and Gear OperatorsPneumatic Actuator: Types, Design and Selection CriteriaPneumatic actuators use compressed air to open and close valves automatically. Learn about single and double-acting types, design details and how…
Valves and Valve EquipmentWhat Is a Valve? Valve Types and Their FunctionsLearn what a valve is, how valves are classified by function and how the main types such as ball, butterfly, globe and gate valves and check…
Valves and Valve EquipmentWhat Is a Steam Separator? Operating Principle, Benefits and ApplicationsLearn how steam separators remove water droplets from wet steam to improve heat transfer and reduce erosion and water hammer, and where they…
Valves and Valve EquipmentHow to Select the Right Valve: A Guide to the Key CriteriaFrom the medium and pressure class to body material and Kv value, learn the key criteria for selecting the right valve in industrial plants.
Pumps and SystemsHow to Choose the Right Pump: Key Criteria for Plant EfficiencyA wrongly sized pump increases energy bills and causes frequent failures. Here are the essential steps for choosing the right pump based on flow…
Didn’t find what you need?
Our technical team helps with product selection and applications.